Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

Animal Farm      George Orwell's tale, Animal Farm, is a misleadingly straightforward tale about a gathering of livestock who, tired of working to assist people, rebel furthermore, make their own specific manner of life just to get themselves, quite a while later, working to support one of their own sort, the pigs. In light of the effortlessness of this novel, numerous individuals believe it to be a kids' story. Notwithstanding, past it's cheerful surface, it is genuinely a sarcastic assault against Stalinism. "It is likewise a regret for the destiny of upheavals and the trusts contained in them." Adding to the intricacy of the book, it likewise appears man's ability to bargain reality. In the short extent of this novel, Orwell communicates huge numbers of his thoughts regarding men and governmental issues.      Major, an old pig, is the person who plants the seed of disobedience in the brains of different creatures by offering to them a melody which he had learned as a youthful pig, yet which he has quite recently recalled during a fantasy. This melody "Beasts of England" portrays a quiet life where all creatures will live in agreement, no longer oppressed by people.           Riches beyond what psyche can picture,           Wheat and grain, oats and roughage,           Clover, beans and mangel-wurzels           Shall be our own upon that day.           Bright will sparkle the fields of England,           Purer will its waters be,           Sweeter yet will blow its breezes           On the day that liberates us. (pp. 7-8) The character of Major represents the Soviet Union pioneer, Vladimir Ilich Lennin. Lennin too had made his companions ascend in insubordination to the Czarist type of government in the desire for making a nation where everybody would be equivalent. Before he saw his thoughts completely established, he passed on.      After the passing of Major, the force is left in the possession of two other pigs, Snowball and Napoleon. Napoleon, who, without any other individual finding, had raised a litter of little dogs into furious mutts, presently utilizes them to pursue Snowball off the ranch. This offers numerous similitudes with the manner in which a pioneer came into capacity to succeed Lennin. Lennin's decision was Leon Trotsky, yet Stalin, who is spoken to by Napoleon, utilizes careful moves to work his way into government what's more, set up an extremist framework.      As the main head, Napoleon rapidly starts to mishandle his capacity. Utilizing his boss insight, he before long has different animals doing all the homestead work while he and different pigs assume the jobs of chiefs. The perspectives of the creatures, particularly Boxer, with his saying, "Napoleon is consistently right," are delegate of the route individuals in an extremist state indiscriminately follow their

Representation Of Women In Advertising Cultural Studies Essay

Portrayal Of Women In Advertising Cultural Studies Essay Commercials are one of the most social elements which shape and reflect society. They are a universal and unavoidable piece of everyones life: regardless of whether we don't peruse a paper or sit in front of the TV, the pictures posted over our urban encompassing are certain. The ad makes an interpretation of these announcements to us as human articulations: they are given a humanly representative trade esteem. (Wiliamson, 1976)â This paper will examine the change and differentiate or the portrayal of ladies in TV promotions. It will deconstruct two British adverts from the 1960s and their contemporary partners; just as look at the possibility of various thoughts of excellence for ladies and generalizations identifying with these ideas and recognize generalizations identifying with magnificence. It will consider the manners by which importance is conveyed using these codes and shows in TV promotions. Consequently I will take a gander at the visual semiotics in every component of the advert which incorporates language, picture and data and its objective market and crowd, henceforth investigating as per semiotics. This paper will break down the commercials use and control of generalizations identifying with excellence, thoughts regarding self-perception and the support of a perfect standard of magnificence. Numerous scholars accept that apparent sex jobs structure the bases for the improvement of sexual orientation character and accordingly it is essential to examine the speculations used to implement these sex generalizations and their days of work. Eaglys social job hypothesis infers that sex jobs dependent on generalizations have been created because of sexual division of work and cultural desires. Eagly (1987) separates among the normal and age extents of sexual orientation generalized highlights. The normal character is sorted by components, for example, nurturance and enthusiastic expressiveness, generally connected with family exercises, and along these lines, with ladies. The age job is classified by attributes, for example, antagonistic vibe and power, for the most part connected with collective exercises, and along these lines, with men. Sexual orientation jobs emphatically impact conduct when societies bolster sex generalizations and develop solid desires dependent on those g eneralizations (Eagly 1987). As per Deaux and Lewis sexual orientation generalizations contrast on four measurements: attributes, job practices, physical qualities, and occupations (Deaux and Lewis 1983). This work is additionally evolved by Berm who expressed that Gender generalizations are embedded through youth socialization and are strengthened in adulthood. This idea is upheld by Berms Gender mapping hypothesis, which presents that kids figure out how their societies characterize the jobs of the two ladies and men and afterward disguise the information gained as sexual orientation diagram. (bem 1993) Women's activist lawful hypothesis depends on the conviction that the law is instrumental in womens authentic subjection. There are two components of the women's activist lawful hypothesis. In the first place, women's activist law expects to clarify the manners by which the law assumed a job in womens previous subordinate status and in the last mentioned, women's activist legitimate hypothesis is devoted to changing womens status through a revamping of the law and its way to deal with sexual orientation. As indicated by Gunther ladies in TV adverts before 1970s were not demonstrated to be in paid work, and when they were, they would be cliché occupations, for example, a medical caretaker or individual associate. Housewife culture declined after the 1950s, yet it was as yet normal during the 1960s and 1970s (Gunther, 1995 :34). Content investigation of publicizing in TV during the 1970s gave solid proof of the presence of generalizing. All adverts which included ladies demonstrated seventy five percent were for kitchen and restroom items. Men were seen with amazing legitimate jobs and gave the reliable voice-over (Ibid: 35) Research in the late 1970s and mid 1980s fortified a continuation of these patterns, with men appeared at work and ladies as housewives and moms at home. In any case, it turned out to be increasingly basic for men to be appeared at home also, in the job of spouse or father, and the scope of womens occupations expanded (in the same place : 36, 37). This is suggesti ve of the Social Learning Theory. During the late 1970s ladies in promoting played a focal spotlight on excellence, tidiness, family and satisfying others. During the 1980s TV publicizing began to conceptualize the possibility of the bustling working ladies by offering answers for the working lady, who was accepted, would even now perform family unit assignments, for example, cooking and cleaning. Pg 55Through the mid 1990s, an investigation was led of 500 prime-time TV promotions in the UK, by Cumber group (announced in Strinati, 1995: 86),and it was derived that sponsor had apparently become shift of numerous years publicists were hesitant to do anything not quite the same as the moderate cliché sex jobs until during the 1970s and 1980s women's activists took the dissent to streets. Pg 55 TV crowd are besieged with pictures and trademarks through commercials. In 2000 Nielsen Media Research and Radio Advertising Bureau study reasoned that the normal U.S. family unit, observed over seven hours of TV for each day (Albarran, 2000). Crowd subliminally retain trademarks and ingest pictures without addressing them. This is known as the development impact (Gerbner, Gross, Morgan and Signorieli (1980)) .The impact of this introduction produces development, or educating of a typical perspective, normal jobs and regular qualities. (Gerbner, Gross, Morgan Signorieli, 1980, p.10). So as to comprehend the adjustment in female generalizations we should apply a semiotic examination to the commercials in the differentiating time frames.Williamson (1978) expressed that semiotics contemplates takes a gander at any arrangement of signs whether the substance is verbal, visual or a perplexing blend of both. (Semiotics and Ideology (n.d) para.2). Philosophy is the importance made vital by the states of society while assisting with propagating those conditions. (Williamson (1978) p.13). We should initially examine intersubjectivity, (OSullivan, Hartley, Saunders, Montgomery, Fiske, (1994) p.157 158) As the crowd In request to comprehend commercials we should figure out how to understand them. It is fundamental to deconstruct them by the utilization of encoding and interpreting. Encoding is performed by the transmitter of the ad message and unraveling is a procedure achieved by the getting crowd. The visual message is the most significant component of a TV advert on the g rounds that through it, its semiotic arrangement of codes and shows it draws in potential purchasers of the item. Most female individual consideration items target purchasers by offering them an admired peruser picture (McCracken (1992 p.20). Along these lines TV ads draw in the crowd by selling them dreams of how they might want to see themselves. The codes and shows on the advert have been violated by Dove which as a brand has removed a sharp abandon customary regular philosophies of female observations. Promotions must consider not just the innate characteristics and qualities of the items they are attempting to sell, yet additionally the manner by which they can make those properties mean something to us㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ The segments of commercials are variable and not really part of one language or social talk. Ads rather give a structure which is fit for changing the language of items into that of individuals, and the other way around. Judith Williamson, Decoding Advertisements, 1978, p.12 (drop doc) WHAT IS TRYING TO BE SAID HERE!According to Gerbner ; regular media learning has expanded TV seeing is related with progressively cliché sees, particularly of sex (Allan Scott, 1996). Gerbner, Gross, Morgan and Signorieli (1980) contended that for visit overwhelming watchers, TV for all intents and purposes subsumes and hoards different wellsprings of data, thoughts and awareness. Moreover, the continuous watchers see the world as TV portrayals . (Gerbner, et al., 1980). Pigeon old advert The notices of the mid 1960s start with a male voice over. This man portrays the advert and his cases of Dove being new and progressive and this is fortified through female portrayal. This can be supposed to be intelligent of male centric society prevailing at during the late 1950s and mid 1960.The catchphrase in the advert is new and is rehashed, for each situation before the brand name. The perusers eye is attracted all the while to the models eyes and face, and the content onscreen. The Advert underscored as the brand name and therefore the content stays the obvious importance of the item however new is the principal word you read. Beautifying agents publicists mean to lessen rivalry by passing on that their items are the most current item with the most recent mechanical advances. Accentuation in adverts is set on the new key property of the item. For instance, Dove creams and scrubs your skin and flaunts that different items just purify and dry ; here, there is a solid ramificati ons of analysis of different brands and items and this urges ladies to be reproachful of themselves and their companions in utilizing wearing of outdated brands that don't exemplify the most recent key properties or innovation. The start of the advert contains an image of the items bundling; this is the thing that the crowd is to search for when purchasing the item. The picture of the bird speaks to Greek undertones of Aphrodite, goddess of magnificence and love along these lines speaking to conventional female excellence and attributes. Next the crowds see a consummately manicured female hand , this keeps on fortifying female thoughts of excellence. When the item is unpackaged the bar of cleanser is thrilling, this could tentatively resemble the unload maturing of the female body which like the cleanser is additionally breathtaking. The words totally new are draw upon the eyes of the crowd eye drawn and this point is fortified by the story. The crowd is acquainted with the item by a male voice over. A

Reflection paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Reflection paper - Assignment Example Working in a network ventures builds up a discerning method for settling on choices for the understudies. Lions Clubs International is an enormous club association that has more than 1,300,000 individuals in more than 46,000 clubs everywhere throughout the world. Lions Club has a network extends that help understudies by giving a program that enables them (Martin 66). The primary point of the Lions Club global is to help understudies build up their authority abilities and still have a constructive outcome to their locale. The association accomplishes this through the Leo clubs which are roughly 6,400 with 160,000 Leos (individuals). As a Leo in the network undertaking of green group reusing our principle proverb was to decrease, reuse, and reuse (Martin 210). We occupied with pushing for reusing of things like portable hearing assistants, paint, books, and magazine to keep our condition clean. At the underlying phase of joining the task, I discovered that I am a good example to my locale in protecting my condition. The program offered exercises that make an uplifting demeanor towards nature. Our Leo club concentrated on advancing reusing in our neighborhood by making an attention to stepping up to the plate of thinking about our homes (Sirgy et al. 250). We gathered utilized glass, aluminum, plastic packs and holders to asset recuperation areas. All the Leos cooperated in groups to take up the reusing difficulties to clinics and parks. We likewise crusaded on urging the nearby inhabitants to partake in the reusing occasions inside the city. Through the reusing program by the Lions Club International, the network has grasped reusing. Huge associations and other state possessed enterprises give their obsolete and non-practical PCs to reusing organizations (Taylor 94). The reusing organizations disassemble the types of gear, sort the parts by type, redesign the segments, reassemble units, and afterward have them conveyed to understudies who may not bear the cost of a PC to use in their examinations.

Night, by Eliezer Wiesel Essay - 1060 Words

Throughout a person’s life, he or she expects to have a significant person who will always be there to help out with any given task. The first thought in one’s mind reveals an apparent image of a mother or father, caring for their child. Parents remain as constant representations of how one should care for another; they exhibit protective instincts their children become accustom to, and one would not know how to carry on without their guidance. Presented through the topics of assets, losses, and differing questions in his autobiography Night, Eliezer Wiesel displays the idea of how changing circumstances can cause one to contemplate everything they once held to be true and finite. Every person needs an anchor, someone†¦show more content†¦Another remarkable example of the idea that one’s family can be his or her anchor shows up when Elie runs into his relative Stein. Elie recalls Stein saying, â€Å"‘The only thing that keeps me alive [†¦ ] is to know that Reizel and the little ones are still alive. Were it not for them, I would give up’† (Wiesel 45). A clear statement of how much Stein’s family means to him, Elie lies to him, saying that they all continue to be safe. The thought of his family out of harm’s way brings peace to Stein’s troubled mind. The instance with Stein’s peace of mind appears identical to the speaker in â€Å"Ballad of Birmingham† when â€Å"The mother smiled to know that her child Was in the sacred place† (Randall 22-23). Knowing of her child’s whereabouts eases the mother’s mind. The mother expresses concern in previous lines of Randall’s poem, stating premonitions such as â€Å"the dogs are fierce and wild, And clubs and hoses, guns and jails† (6-7) and â€Å"I fear those guns will fire† (14). On an opposing side, Rabbi Eliahu’s son abandons his father in fear that his chances of surviving w ill be altered for the worse. Despite this unsightly fact, Rabbi Eliahu asks, â€Å"Perhaps someone here has seen my son?† (Wiesel 90). He hopes he may find his son, who he holds dear as his anchor. Inevitably, loss remains an ever-present reminder of howShow MoreRelatedNight, By Eliezer Wiesel1585 Words   |  7 Pages There are many important themes and overtones to the book Night, by Eliezer Wiesel. One of the major themes from the book includes the protagonist, and author of his memoire, Elie Wiesel’s ever changing relationship with God. An example of this is when Moche the Beadle asked Elie an important question that would change his life forever, as the basis of his passion and aptitude for studying the ancient texts and teachings of Judaism, â€Å"When Moche the Beadle asked Elie why he prayed, Elie couldn tRead MoreAltruism In Night By Eliezer Wiesel976 Words   |  4 PagesIn Night, altruism is what separates man from a beast of the concentration camp. Humans as a species differ from the majority of the animal kingdom in their willingness to sacrifice their own well-being for the benefit of others. To be human is to be compassionate and caring for your fellow man. In Night, Eliezer Wiesel shows that humanity can be usurped. Subjected to the inhuman conditions of the Nazi concentration camps, Eliezers sense of altruism and compassion essentially disappear, leavingRead MoreThe Novel Night By Eliezer Wiesel1009 Words   |  5 PagesThe novel Night by Eliezer Wiesel tells the tale of a young Elie Wiesel and his experience in the concentration camps,and his fight to stay alive . The tragic story shows the Jewish people during the Holocaust and their alienation from the world. Elie’s experience changes him mentally, and all actions taken while in the concentration were based on one thing...Survival. In the book, Elie talks a little about life before the Germans came in and forced them to give up their humanity. During thisRead MoreAnalysis Of Eliezer Wiesel s Night1480 Words   |  6 PagesEliezer Wiesel is a Nobel-Prize winning writer, teacher and activist known for the novel Night, in which he recounts his experiences surviving the Holocaust. After he was freed from Buchenwald in 1945, Wiesel went on to study at the Sorbonne in France from 1948-1951 and took up journalism, writing for the French and the Israeli publications. His friend, Francois Mauriac encouraged him to write about his experiences in the camps; Wiesel then published in Yiddish the memoir And the World Would RemainRead MoreNight, By Elie Wiesel842 Words   |  4 Pagesthemes of Night and the imagery that the author, Elie Wiesel, uses to create them. The themes we will discuss are identity, silence, and night. !!!About the Book If you were an observant Jew who believed in a loving God, then you and your family were captured by a group of ill-intentioned people, causing the death of your family, what would you think about whether God and humans are good or not? That is the main concern of Eliezer, the main character in Night. Night was writtenRead MoreNight : A Personal Account Of The Holocaust And The Brutal Reality Of Concentration Camps1353 Words   |  6 PagesSkipper Dr. Provost History 4336 6 October 2016 Night is a personal account of the Holocaust and the brutal reality of concentration camps in Poland. The short narrative is written by Elie Wiesel, an orthodox Jew, that was taken from his home in Sighet, a small town in Transylvania and forced to experience life within the walls of one of the deadliest concentration camps of the Holocaust. It was not until 1944 that Hungary, where Wiesel and his family resided, was affected by the catastropheRead MoreAnalysis Of Night By Elie Wiesel1198 Words   |  5 PagesIn the memoir Night, written by Elie Weisel, you take a journey through the 1940s, and learn what it was like to live during the Holocaust. Night records the life of Elie Wiesel during his teen years, and the oppression he and his family went through because of their Jewish descent. The Holocaust was a horrifying genocide where Adolf Hitler and the Nazis strived to wipe out the Jewish race, as well as Poles, Slavs, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Homosexuals, Gypsies, etc. Jews were taken from their homesRead MoreNight by Elie Wiesel646 Words   |  3 PagesTen years after WWII, Elie Wiesel’s novel Night was published in 1955. Night describes â€Å"his memories of life inside four different Nazi death camps,† as he was one of the few Jews to survive the Holocaust during WWII (Sanderson). Wiesel’s autobiographical novel makes him â€Å"the best-known contemporary Holocaust writer and novelist,† and reveals the impact of the concentration camps on humanity and for the individual (Sibelman).As a negative Bildungsroman, Night depicts â€Å"a coming of age story in whichRead MoreThe Holocaust: Night by Elie Wiesel1635 Words   |  7 PagesJews were persecuted, tortured and slaughtered in concentration camps (â€Å"The Holocaust† 1). Night by Elie Wiesel is the powerful memoir of his experiences during the Holocaust. Night shows the tragedy of the Holocaust through the use literary devices, including the themes of loss of faith and cruelty toward other human beings, night as a symbol of suffering and fear, and the use of first person narrative. Night allows the reader to emotionally connect with the victims of the Holocaust, encourages themRead MoreNight Cause Effect Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesApril 9th, 2013 Merchant 2A Night Cause and Effect Essay The book called Night by Eliezer Wiesel is the true story of Wiesel’s experiences during the holocaust. Wiesel was born in the town of Sighet, Transylvania; he was a teenager when he and his family were taken from their home in 1944, and moved to the Auschwitz concentration camp. This book is Eliezer terrifying record of his memories about how Jewish people were transferred to concentration camps. Eliezer explains how the Nazis treated

Case Study Boo Hoo. Essay Example For Students

Case Study Boo Hoo. Essay Question 1. Which strategic marketing assumptions and decisions arguably made Boo. com’s failure inevitable? Contrast these with other dot-com era survivors that are still in business, for example lastminute. com, Egg. com and Firebox. com. Boo. com was started by 3 Swedish entrepreneurs as they wanted to launch a world wide online retail website selling major sports brands clothing like Adidas, Nike, Fila, Lacoste, Polo and Ralph Lauren etc. here were major decisions and assumptions were made, taking for an example the currency conversion rate offered in US and Europe was far lower than the normal currency conversion rate in the market this lead to negative impact on the Boo. com and its sales. Initially it was though that world wide launching and making it a successful online store within month by injecting huge amount of money would lead to brand recognition in the market. Company invested $135 Million in the first 6 months in order to make it popular website all over the w orld (Tillett 2000). Author Verma Verma (2003) explains that website retailing is least expensive as maintaining website and uploading pictures and graphics and using creative 7 Ps of the marketing mix leads to positive result. Boo. com spend $6milion in 1999-2000 on web developing and adding pictures of the products which coasted them $200 per picture was a huge expense created by the company management, due to those reasons they couldn’t generate $20 million in 2000 and on 18th May 2000 company got bankrupt. The assumption of being a global brand within months by injecting unnecessary money in the technology and it operation was a wrong decision made by the Boo. com management which actually led to disaster and company needed urgent finances in 2000 which eventually lead them to bankruptcy. Another major assumption went wrong was the selection of the target market. Company started targeting males and females aged 18 years to 24 years old as it was believed they are more fashion conscious people. But critics and according to media pointed out the fact that these people are fashion conscious but how many 18 to 24 male and females go online and do shopping using their credit cards. This is what we are talking about in 1990 where online frauds and dial internet were common comparing to now. In contrast there were other online retailers like egg. com and Firebox. com and they survived and still running business. As money or profits generated and wise and realistic strategies and tactics were used by these companies. According to a travel Trade Gazette (2007) clearly stated in their article that Boo. om blew their money and wasted on so many unnecessary technologies. Article also presented that boo. com is linked with one of the biggest failures of the first dot. com era. It materialised at around the same time as lastminute. com and was Swedish-owned UK-based site selling lifestyle apparel. Extravagant marketing and development costs meant it burned through money which impacted i n 2000 when investors gave up and $20 million was not raised by the company on 18th May 2000 and was declared bankrupt. Where as other online companies used less financial sources and tried best to attract customers and satisfy their needs and wants. So basically above arguments and facts clearly shows various wrong decisions were made by the Boo. com management and by the company itself which led them to failure. Question 2. Using the framework of the marketing mix, appraise the marketing tactics of Boo. com in the areas of Product, Pricing, Place, Promotion, Process, People and Physical Evidence. For online retailers it is vital to create their marketing mix very effective as it is not mere limited to the Place, Price, Product and promotion (Rix Stanton 1998). Reconstruction and the Issue of Equality after the Civil war EssayIn many ways, the vision of Boo. com founders were ideas before their time is very true and based on the facts gathered and theories it can be easily justifiable. It was understood that in 1990 in UK US most of the indfgdfgternet connections were dial up with 40K to max 56K speed. Boo. com came up with the extensive piece of technology which is used now in 2005 and after still people complaint about the speed and the software they need to load to access the website or to use their tools online effectively. A recent example is â€Å"Flash Player† is required to watch some graphics. In 1990 ith the dial up speed customers were frustrated since it took more than 8 second to lead a page properly and on top of that they required such free software available online. This has created a negative satisfaction within the market as they have to go through 44 pages catalogue and fashion magazine to buy certain product an d again on top they have to wait for 10 days for the delivery. These ideas today are highly successful as ADSL and ADSL 2+ has created a revolution as they can generate page with 20,000kbps speed and most of the computers now already comes with various small and big software. So this shows that if Boo. com would have launched in 2007 with same strategies and tactics they would have become successful. Unfortunately the timing wasn’t so right and even though Boo. com invested so much in the technology wasn’t worth it at all. For an example Boo. com introduced the virtual salesperson in 3D graphics in 1990 with dial up speed I wouldn’t be that effective beside it would take long time to load and guide with the customer’s queries. Now days most of the retail website using such tactics to attract customers and where target market can even put their product on the dummy virtual salesperson just to get an idea that whether it will suit or not. in order to attract customers online advertising and marketing tools were used by the company were they send potential customers emails and provoke them to visit website and which would lead to sales. Arguably not many aged 18 to 24 males and females goes online and shop in 1990 the percentage was way low comparing to now. Author Son Ikuta (2007) agrees and justifies that wrong selection of target market lead to high cost and low profits which happened to Boo. com as well they didn’t reach their target market well and which lead to negative results. References: †¢ Rix P. Stanton W. J. 1998 â€Å"Marketing: A practical Approach† 3rd edition. McGraw Hill. Sydney †¢ Son J. D. Ikuta S (2007) â€Å"Customer selection problem with search cost, due date, sideline profit, and no waiting room† Pacific Journal of operational research. Volume 24. Number 5. †¢ Tillett L. S. 2000 â€Å"It’s back from the dead† Internet week article. Issue 834. Page 11. †¢ Travel Trade Gazette (TGG) May25th 2007 â€Å"There is life after death Boo. com† Tonbridge. Page13. †¢ Viswanathan N. K. Dickson P. R (2007) â€Å"The fundamentals of Standardizing the global marketing strategy†. International Marketing Review. Volume 24. Issue 1. Page 46. †¢ Verma D. P. S. Verma G (2003) â€Å"Online pricing: Concepts, Methods and current practices† Journal of service Research. Volume 3. Issue 1. Page 135.

Lawyer at Socrates Case in 399 B.C.

Introduction â€Å"Born in either 469 or 470 B.C. [†¦] Socrates was son to Sophroniscus and Phainarete of Alopeke village under the jurisdiction of Athens (Brian, p.4).† He was probably a trained mason like his father but his life was more prosperous as an army hoplite supplying personal war-gears and armour.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Lawyer at Socrates Case in 399 B.C. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Socrates was however poor with a low standard occupation. Arguably, his lifestyle was out of choice and one would easily locate him at marketplace or city-square, which would otherwise become the municipal of Athens. According to Brian (p.4), Socrates was a brave fighter and campaigner at various encounters from 422 to 432 B.C. His military experience made him adequately famous as a philosopher or sophists. Sophists required payment for their educational or informative services. The accusations ag ainst Socrates was based on misleading of young minds into perceiving the wrong as right or finding better reasons from what was against the Jurisdiction. Socrates was a man of unfathomable religious convictions and a patriot, but most of his contemporary allies regarded him with suspicion and dislike due to his attitude towards the state of Athens and the various religious convictions. In 399 B.C., Socrates faced charges of abandoning authority orders and in support of introducing new divinities, which was a reference of his own demonian. He also faced accusations of corrupting morals of the youth by swindling them against democratic principles. The main basis for Socrates’ defence is the apology he made at the trial. He clearly vindicates the true lifestyle of his entire lifestyle by ironically placing a counter position against the ruling of Athenians legal panel of judges. He proposed that the panel must consider a small fine for the reason that he had a philosophical val ue and role in the society. These alterations angered the jury and a majority votes for his death penalty, despite voting by just a small number. This situation leads to his condemnation. This paper presents an argument for the acquittal of Socrates from the death penalty. It takes the situation back to 399 B.C during Socrates trait at Athens. This advocacy is therefore in present tense but based in the past. Socrates maintains calm and collected status and unlike the other Sophists, the self-claimed philosopher does not accept payment for teaching his students (Poppas, p.17). The vindication that he had a lot awaiting his future is evidently a conscious state of expression out of utmost good faith.Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The jury must accept that he does not impose personal claims out of arrogance and pride. His lifestyle in a clear indication that his refusal for paym ent by the students is for the fact that, he appreciate moral uprightness and is ready to assist others garner genuine knowledge about social morality, in the true spirit of promoting literacy. Socrates indicates that it is possible to acquire genuine wisdom from personal believes and those of others. I also wish to strongly point out that Socrates has a genuine reason to stand by his philosophical point of view. His task is not to provoke people’s way of thinking; he genuinely teaches and emphasizes full existence of knowledge for each person, through decisive ability to gather or discover existence of knowledge within the soul. He only works to encourage people to become consciously aware of the inner reflection. Socrates has a strong personality of teaching and guiding through knowledge acquisition or discovery. A good example of his endeavours is his guidance of an untrained person to formulate the Pythagorean Theorem (Poppas, p.17). This is a clear indication that Socrat es’ is truly committed to provoking people’s inner knowledge and abilities that lie within. He is in support of a moral logic that knowledge in mainly innate within the soul, and people mainly learn from inner thinking rather than experience. He has a unique but logical way of life where the emphasis is on the need to provoke ways of thinking, rather than teaching people systematically what they ought to learn. Socrates contribution to education is through triggering of active thoughts as a way of living as opposed to a methodical doctrine. He definitely have a clear understanding of the need for acquiring basic concepts or fundamental knowledge, and thus the reasons he emphasizes on the need for analytical examination styles for rational or critical ethical problems. Various philosophers such as Plato are able to stand in line with Socrates’ style of administering knowledge, and thus share similar insights regarding ethics as the best and strongest choice for a cquisition of information (Saillant, p.1). I wish to acknowledge that Socrates stresses the intellectual basis of identifying ethical virtues and confines them within the basic human wisdom. In investigating his moral point of view, the exploration touches a wide range of common human problems concerning politics, natural science, governance theories, metaphysics, religious conflicts in theology, and various hypotheses of acquiring knowledge (Saillant, p.1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Lawyer at Socrates Case in 399 B.C. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In line with Socrates’ apology, he has the chance of accept the ruling that the jury acquits him from the charges on condition that he stops philosophizing. He however decides to follow the order of his god and wrong the city due to what the law terms to be civil disobedience. Socrates understands the consequences of such defiance. In the apology he st ates that â€Å"I do know [.] that it is wicked and shameful to do wrong, to disobey one’s superior, be he god or man† (Saillant, p.1). This statement can be ambiguous depending on the interpretation. One of the interpretations of the understanding the jury ought to consider would be that the accused is trying to consider the superiority levels and decide the side one should follow given the situation at hand. The other interpretation the jury should critically analyze is defying serving civic authority for the divine rule that seem uncommon among faithful. Logically even when the law fails to weigh and clearly stipulate the levels of authority and the difference between divine and civil authority, the divine authority give the impression of rational superiority for most believers. From any civil interpretation, assuming that the law is clear and rule do not conflict; the higher or superior authority overrules the lesser authority. Socrates considers that the divine au thority is superior to the civil authority thus the reason he certainly consider the divine orders. If one faces two superior orders, it is only possible to obey one order at the expense of the other. Arguably, the way the accused presents his choice is interpretable to the second sense where he may appear committed to being a disgrace to his choice of the lower authority. If the jury consider either of the interpretations, the course of action must prevail alongside the divine order. Socrates supports this action. Considering the level of superiority will nullify the rules by civil authority and the accused will not have committed civil disobedience. The jury should not consider any form of harm to the lesser authority. There are various reasons to support Socrates point of view. Socrates’ decision postulates the existence of higher authority thus invalidating the orders of the lesser authority. I urge the jury to consider pre-empting the principle of weighing amount of disg race over the level of authority, as the basis for deciding superiority complex. I object to those who consider determining the level of authority as a disgrace. Socrates’ case brings less shame and disgrace to the jury, when he interprets his point of reasoning over achieving educational goals. â€Å"The amount of shame or disgrace one may endure for the achievement of a goal, [†¦], ought not to be a deciding factor is the resulting shame or disgrace† (Pappas, p.13). In determining the orders to follow, the level of authority is the determining factor of shame.Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The authority has right of command and Socrates acknowledges the policy. Since the law fails to outline clearly the cause of action for conflicting cases, the right of command must vanish in cases where two or more orders conflict. The law must therefore present all forms of authorities and weigh superiority. Socrates’ claim is only normative one indicating the existence of superiority for god or man. His apology supports the claim of divine power. From his disagreement standpoint, â€Å"disrespecting a judgment or escaping the city or evade the death penalty is wrong because he would cheat a just agreement with the city and its laws and, thereby, harm them† (Pappas, p.13). The accused responds to divine orders to analyze his inner soul and those of others thoroughly to remove any inconsistencies. I support his point of view that the soul is divine since it reveals personality and fights ignorance. Works Cited Brian, MacArthur. The Penguin Book of Historic Speeches. Ne w York, NY: Penguin Books, 1996.Print. Pappas, Nickolas. Review of Socrates’ Divine Sign: Religion, Practice and Value in  Socratic Philosophy. Michigan, MI: Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews. 2005. Print Saillant, Said. The Role of Inconsistency in the Death of Socrates. Prometheus. Johns Hopkins Philosophy Journal. Vol 2, Issues 2. May 10 2009. Web. This essay on Lawyer at Socrates Case in 399 B.C. was written and submitted by user Paris Webster to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

SAT 1 vs SAT 2 Whats the Difference

SAT 1 vs SAT 2 What's the Difference SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You might have heard of something called the SAT II (or SAT 2) and wondered what it could be. A secret, harder version of the SAT, perhaps? The reality is less dramatic: the SAT II is just an old name for the SAT Subject Tests. This guide will explain the current form of the SAT II, outline the differences between the SAT 1 vs SAT 2, and help you determine which of the tests you should take. Feature Image:Matthias Neugebauer/Flickr What Are the SAT 1 and the SAT 2? As I touched on above, these aresimply out-of-date monikers: the SAT I is now known as just as the SAT and the SAT II is more descriptively referred to as the SAT Subject Tests.Colleges sometimes still refer to the tests as the SAT I and SAT II, so don't worry if you see those terms. The SAT started out as a military IQ testand was administered as a college admissions assessment for the first time in 1926. Since then, it's undergone a series of changes to make it less focused on innate ability and more on testing concepts and skills students learn in school. It's weathered a few controversies, but it's still considereda decent predictor of how students will do in college. The SAT Subject Tests are almost as old as the SAT proper. Officially called Scholarship Tests but known colloquially as the Achievement Tests,the Subject Testsstarted in 1937and were basically the same thing they are now: one-hour tests on specific subjects,like biology andworld history. There are currently 20 different Subject Tests, and you can sign up for up to three per test date. Here is an overview of all SAT Subject Tests: Humanities Math and Science Literature Math Level 1 US History Math Level 2 World History Biology (E/M) Chemistry Physics Languages (No Listening) Languages (w/ Listening) French French with Listening German German with Listening Spanish Spanish with Listening Modern Hebrew Chinese with Listening Italian Japanese with Listening Latin Korean with Listening What’s the Difference Between the SAT 1 and the SAT 2? Originally, the SAT I was meant to test aptitude and the SAT II was meant to test achievement. That is to say, one tested what you were capable of, and the other tested what you knew. But when the College Board moved away from the idea of the SAT I testing innate ability, they reframed it as a reasoning test, making the difference between the two SATs less well defined. With changes in 2016, the SAT I (now just the SAT) is more focused than ever on testing knowledge rather than logic. At this point, I'd say that the SAT tests general knowledge and the SAT Subject Tests assess topical knowledge. There arealso some key ways the two tests differ in structure.For one, although the questions on both tests are primarily multiple choice, SAT questions have four answer choices, while SAT Subject Test questionstypically have five answer choices. This means that you'll have a slightly higher probability of guessing the correct answer on the SAT (25% chance) than you will on the SAT Subject Tests (20% chance). In addition, SAT Subject Tests have a guessing penalty for incorrect answers, whereas the SAT does not (though it used to). Note that you neither gain nor lose points for questions left blank on both tests. Here's how the guessing penalty works on the SAT II: 1/4 point deducted for every incorrect five-choice question 1/3 point deducted for every incorrect four-choice question 1/2 point deducted for every incorrect three-choice question Take a look at the chart below for a rundown of the basic differences between the two types of SAT tests in their current forms: SAT SAT Subject Tests Other Names SAT 1, SAT I, SAT Reasoning Test SAT 2, SAT II, SAT Achievement Tests Format 3 hr 50 min multiple-choice test (with one essay question) 1 hr multiple-choice test Subject Matter Reading, Writing, Math 20 different topics (listed above) Guessing Penalty? No Yes Which Schools Require It? Almost all colleges Only some very selective colleges Also note that because of the timing of each test, you cannot take the SAT and any SAT Subject Tests on the same testing day. How to Determine Whether You Need to Take the SAT, the SAT Subject Tests, or Both A good rule of thumb is that you'll almost certainly have to take theSAT I (or the ACT), but you'll probablyonly need to take the SAT II if you're applying to highly selective colleges. Nonetheless, you should check the testing requirements for each school you're applying to since they can differ quite a bit. The majority of collegeshaveone ofthree basic policies on the SAT Subject Tests. Let's go through them one at a time. Policy 1: They Only Ask For the SAT (or ACT) Most schools, including the majorstate universities, don't require applicants to submit Subject Test scores. However, some colleges will consider SAT II scores,so they can be a helpful way to show your mastery of a certain subject area (as long as you dowell). Policy 2: They Ask For the SAT (or ACT) and SAT Subject Tests A handfulofvery selective schools,includingHarvard and Rice,require applicants to submit scores from both the SAT I and between one and three (usually two) SAT II tests. Some collegeshave more specific guidelines regarding which Subject Tests you need to take. For example,MIT requires one Math SAT II and one Science SAT II. Other schools- including McGill, Tufts, and Duke- will waive the Subject Tests requirement if you submit ACT scores.These schools will still look at SAT Subject Test scores if you send them, however. Policy 3: They Ask For the SAT orSATSubject Tests A growing subset of schools have adopted atest-flexiblepolicy, which means they allow students to choose which scores they'd like to submit from a numberof different tests.Examples of schools that allow students to submit SAT II results in place of SAT I or ACT scores include NYU, Colorado College, and Middlebury. Recap: Should You Take SAT I or SAT II? The SAT I is the standard SAT test format, which you will need to take for most college applications. The SAT II tests are subject-specific tests that might or might not be required, depending on where you plan to apply. As you can see above, colleges' SAT II policies vary widely. Be sure to look up the testing requirements for every school you’re planning to apply to, and determine what you need to do well in advance. You might want to start by checking outour complete list of schools that require SAT Subject Tests. That said, don't forget to confirm colleges' policies on their official websites! What's Next? If you've determined that you need to take the SAT II,the next step is figuring out which Subject Tests you should takeand what scores you need to shoot for. You might also want to take a look at our SAT Subject Test study guides for US Historyand Physics. Ifyou're applying to Ivy Leagueschools,check out our guides on what SAT score you need, what their average SAT II scores are, and exactly how you can get in. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

Art Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art Media - Essay Example Mexican born in 1981, is digitizing archive images while at the same time creating a form of the extensive index of the associated words that eventually â€Å"mirrors† the image into the database (Inaki, 2003). The experience of interacting with this form of artwork is marvelous and very interesting. It is very interesting and enticing to learn that archive images can be subject to integrate with some words that mirror this archive images into the database. In my opinion, the purpose of this piece of art of work is to convert the past or traditional art into modern forms that would be able to attract the attention of the modern generations while at the same time be able to preserve the same archives in digital forms that would last for many years to come. Additionally, this form of digital interactive art purposes at accommodating numerous images in small space those viewers will be able to view conveniently without necessarily moving from one viewing room to the next viewing room. There is a lot that connects this form of digital artwork to the contemporary life. At first, the aspect of which archive images that could be viewed in the form of the traditional display were subject to integrate into the modern forms of digital storage connects to the contemporary life. It makes the entire process of viewing much simpler and easier through the aid of graphic designs and programming. An example of which this digital artwork compares directly to other activities one might perform on the internet in that there is a possibility of matching text and images. Additionally, it is possible to locate many images through the internet source, which compares similarly to this form of digital art whereby a set of core images are subject to locate existing in a single source of database. One thing that differentiates this site from other sources of the internet is that the images and wording contained in such databases tell of the historic activities or historic archives. Other

Financial Management Discussion Week 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Management Discussion Week 7 - Essay Example Prototyping being the first stage requires entrepreneurs to keenly listen to prospective customers. Cheap and simple prototypes, however, should be built for the purpose of acquiring customer feedback. This level advocates for invested labor and credit card borrowing to finance the venture. At this stage trying to produce any venture capital would be fruitless except when the business can prove that it may make profits at early stages (Brooks, 2012). A vivid business model should follow the proof to offer a powerful bargaining upper hand with a venture capitalist. Customer base is useful especially after finding a customer who is willing and capable of paying for the final prototype. Also if one might want to ask capital from angel investors or family members who might want to buy a lesser stake in the particular company. At this level, the business or entrepreneur can raise money from many people who cannot scheme to oust the founder. Some Companies start g capital at this level even though it is advisable to wait and proceed with the activity at the third stage (Lawrence, 2010). Expansion is another process implemented after acquiring a trivial share of the market segment and surprisingly when also the growth of the company becomes stunted. Acquiring a new market becomes a vital activity while developing and updating products. At this level the startup CEO is in a position to discuss with capital providers because the venture is lucrative. The exit is the final process where the entrepreneur sells the business to a customer or gives a public offering (Baron, 2011). Sadly after the initial public offer is done most entrepreneurs leave their business because of the boredom brought about by the administration of a sluggishly growing publicly traded business. A company can raise capital using various ways for different uses depending on the financial necessities or on the size and nature

Of Human Bondage by William Somerset Maugham Essay Example for Free

Of Human Bondage by William Somerset Maugham Essay In the novel Of Human Bondage, the main character, Philip Carey, has a myriad of people whom are very influential in his life. William Somerset Maugham portrays Philip as having three women in his life that are of great importance to Philips character. These three women are Mildred Rogers, Norah Nesbit, and Sally Athelny. Mildred is a negative influence on Philip whereas the other two women serve as positive influences in Philips life. Of the three, Philip loves Mildred the most, though Mildred loves him not. Mildred is a negative influence on Philip. Though he loves her, she doesnt love him back. She is grateful toward Philip and rewards him with various degrees of affection. This forebodes the fact that she becomes a prostitute later on in the novel. While with Philip, Mildred distracts him from studying and causes him to spend all his money to take her out to eat and see musicals. This causes Philip to fail his two very important medical examinations. Mildred is a snobby, stupid, callous, shallow, vain, and selfish woman. Aware of Philips feelings for her, she takes advantage of him. She accepts his gifts and seeks his protection, but thwarts his affection. Philip forgives her for her deceitfulness and helps her when she is in trouble. In return for Philips love, kindness and generosity, she gives him pain, abuse, and misery. She proves her heartless nature when she runs away with Emil Miller, has an affair with Griffiths, and destroys Philips home. She also abandons her infant to the care of a stranger in order to enjoy life. This demonstrates her selfish nature. Mildred seems to be Philips foil. Theyre so different from one another that Mildred doesnt even understand Philip. Philips generosity, kindness, and love cannot be understood by such a selfish, vicious, hateful woman. Its a wonder how Philip is bonded to this human anti-epitome. Philip chose Mildred because she is the type of woman that was a challenge for him. He had just begun medical school and was feeling bored when suddenly he came upon this ill-mannered slut of a waitress in a tea shop. From that moment on, he couldnt get enough of her. He always tried to get back at her but never quite could. It was as if he was doomed to spend the rest of his life bonded to her. It was too much to bear for him. Her indifferent attitude toward him drove him mad over the brink of obsession. He tortured himself to try and  get a woman that he could never have and she would never love him back. He was even willing to marry her to get back at her for all the evil she inflicted upon him. Philip finally breaks through the bonds of love and sees Mildred for who she really is a conniving, callous prostitute. Norah Nesbit is another influential woman in Philips life. Though Philip doesnt love Norah, she is a positive influence in his life nevertheless. Norah pampers Philip using her motherly instincts and encourages him to do what he can for himself: go on vacation to take a break, and study hard for school to pass his exams. She is successful in convincing Philip to focus on his studies rather than herself. Therefore when hes with her, he passes all three exams without any trouble and has earned his vacation that he is reluctant to go on, but is persuaded by thoughtful Norah to do so. Unlike Mildred, Norah appreciates Philip and doesnt allow him to waste his money. Philip intentionally chose Norahs ilk because Norah is nurturing, kind-hearted, and loving. Philip chooses her in his time of need, after he is hurt by the harshness and pain that Mildred has inflicted upon him. She ameliorates him back to life after the thought and sight of Mildred has tormented him for many dreary months. Sally, the third and final influential woman in his life, helps Philip establish his identity in the world. The eldest child of Mr. Athelny, she is sensible, maternal, pretty, charming, and responsible. She is the pride of her family and wins the heart of everyone with her pleasant manners and warmth, including Philip. Sally falls for Philips simplicity and unassuming manner, but does not force herself on him. She patiently waits for him to recognize her appeal. While Philip vacations with the Athelnys in Kent, he begins to notice Sally and he realizes that he is attracted to her. He begins to see her regularly and decides to spend the rest of his life with her. She accepts his proposal of marriage. Sally is a contrast to Mildred. Sallys presence calms Philip, while Mildreds presence troubles him. His passion for Mildred had disrupted his life and career, but Sallys love gives him hope for a bright future. Philip learns to love Sally, though not like Mildred, and she loves him back. Therefore Sally is the best woman for Philip since they both love one another. Sally is there when Philip needs  her. Shes not pushy or demanding, so Philip chooses her because he needs someone of her ilk to depend upon after Mildred ruins his life yet again by making him homeless and penniless.

Elasticity of Pecan Market :: essays research papers

The article â€Å"Big Crop Won’t Reduce Pecan Prices† is about how the market for pecans affects the both the wholesale market and the retail market. The article describes how pecans are relatively inelastic around major holidays, such as Thanksgiving and Christmas. It is stated that there was a 150 million pound increase in pecans from the previous year. Since there was such a great increase in quantity supplied, the price decreased. Since the demand for pecans is relatively inelastic, consumers are not affected by a change in price. This article also describes the difference between the wholesale market and the retail market for pecans. Wholesale markets produce the pecans, and sell them to retailers for a low price; between seventy-five to eighty-five cents per pound. While the retailers purchase the pecans for a low price, they turn around and sell them to consumers for about five times the price they paid for them. The pecan producers have no control over the pric es that they sell the pecans at, and they have no control over the price that the retailers sell the pecans at.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The wholesale pecan market is a perfectly competitive market. There are lots of different suppliers, and it’s a highly standardized product. The demand and supply curves are relatively inelastic due to the craze for pecans during the holidays. The massive increase in pecans supplied causes the price per pound of pecans to decrease greatly. The graph (on the left) represents the increase in demand.    Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The graph above and off to the right represents the demand and marginal cost for a firm. In the retail market, they have control over the price at which they sell their products to consumers. In the article they state that the firms buy the pecans from wholesale markets for a small price, like eighty-five cents, and then they go off and sell the same pecans for $5.50. A decrease in the price causes a decrease in marginal cost.

Social Learning Theory Psychology

In the field of Psychology, learning theories are there to attempt to explain how people think and what factors ultimately influence their behavior (ETR, 2007). There are various types of learning theories which all include different concepts and approaches to distinguish an understanding of human behavior and thought (ETR, 2007). The social learning theory (SLT) is just one of many theories which fall under the category of learning theories.The social learning theory, which is also commonly known as social cognitive theory, is justified in the belief that human behavior is determined by a triangular effect relationship between environmental influences, cognitive factors, and behavior (ETR, 2007). To have a proper understanding of the social learning theory, one needs to have been adequately briefed in the major contributors of the theory, a thorough description of what the theory entails, assumptions about the theory, and the developmental process and practice which has previously a nd currently taken place. Accomplishment is socially judged by ill defined criteria so that one has to rely on others to find out how one is doing (Kearsley, 2008). † This was stated by Albert Bandura, who is one of the two major contributors to the social learning theory. Bandura was born the youngest and only male of six siblings on December 4, 1925, in Mundare, Canada (Pajares, 2004). Fast-forwarding through his childhood, Bandura eventually found himself attending the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. His happening to fall into psychology was simply a fluke for him, for he was planning to get a degree in the biological sciences (Pajares, 2004). Bandura carpooled with peers to school who were all majors in engineering and pre-med, which entailed them to have early morning classes (Pajares, 2004). To fill his workload, Bandura had an open-morning spot to fill on his roster, which is where he fell into an introduction to psychology course (Pajares, 2004). He was instantly intrigued, which led him on his path to becoming one of the great contributors to this field. In 1949, he graduated with the Bolocan Award in psychology from the University of British Columbia (Pajares, 2004). His next task was to knock down graduate school, where he attended at the University of Iowa and received his Ph. D. in clinical psychology in 1952 (Pajares, 2004). Starting already in 1953, Bandura found himself teaching at Stanford University where he came across a well-educated student by the name of Richard Walters (Pajares, 2004). The two found themselves equally interested in the studies of explaining antisocial aggression in young males who came from wholesome households in upper-class residential areas in comparison to demonstrating that multiple opposing conditions may lead to behavioral problems (Pajares, 2004). This particular study led Bandura and Walters to co-write a book, Adolescent Aggression, in 1959 (Pajares, 2004). From there, Bandura wrote a chain of numerous books dealing with the social learning theory. Later he became a found member and elected President of the American Psychological Association in 1973 (Pajares, 2004). The second major contributor to the social learning theory came from a man by the name of Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist who was born in 1896 (Gallagher, 1999). Vygotsky was said to be a connoisseur of literature and philosophy (Gallagher, 1999). He attended the University of Moscow, where he studied and received a degree in law (Gallagher, 1999). It was not until 1924 when Vygotsky became interested in psychology (Gallagher, 1999). He had written a paper, The Psychology of Art, in 1925 which he used primarily in his thesis at the Moscow Institute of Psychology. Between the years of 1924-1934, before his death due to Tuberculosis, is when all his psychology work was practiced (Gallagher, 1999). In those 10 years of research and study of psychology, Vygotsky became an active follower of the sociocultural theory which suggests that development of a child relies on interaction with people and the tools or resources that the culture provides to help form their personal view of the world (Gallagher, 1999). The social learning theory (SLT), among others, is one of the most commonly used models currently. SLT is not a horribly complex model, for it is based around the interactions made from one another through observations, imitations, and modeling (Learning, 2008). Due to the fact that the SLT encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, it is said to be a bridge for psychologists between behaviorists and cognitive learning (Learning, 2008). The SLT focuses on the prospect that people learn through observing other people’s behaviors, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors observed (Learning, 2008). The social learning theory has three basic principles which make the breakdown of the theory very clear. The first principle is that people can learn through observation (Boeree, 2006). Bandura had conducted a well-known experiment known as the â€Å"Bobo Doll Study† (Boeree, 2006). In this study, Bandura had a set of dolls to which adult figures would interact with, in terms of gentle and/or aggressive behavior while children observed. Later, children were let into the room and were allowed to play with the same set of dolls that the adults had previously used. From observational learning, the children themselves inflicted the same type of behavior that the adults previously did. The children who observed a gentle act toward the Bobo doll reacted in the same way to pursue a more calm and loving affect toward the doll. In contrast, the children who observed aggressive behavior toward the Bobo doll also copied the same behavior of aggression toward the doll (Boeree, 2006). Bandura came up with three basic models of observational learning through conducting this study (Boeree, 2006). The first model is a live model. This involves an actual human individual who is acting out or demonstrating a particular behavior (Boeree, 2006). The second model is the verbal instructional approach. This involves giving the description and directions to acting out a certain behavior (Boeree, 2006). The third and last model is the symbolic model. This encompasses real of fictional characters. These characters are set to display behaviors in books, television, movies, or online media (Boeree, 2006). The second of the three basic principles is mental states are important to learning (Boeree, 2006). In greater detail, this involves and contributes to intrinsic reinforcement. Bandura was the contributor to this that previously noted that external, environmental reinforcement was not the only factor to influence learning and behavior (Boeree, 2006). This is where the idea of intrinsic reinforcement comes into place. This type of reinforcement is internal, which can include feelings of satisfaction, pride, and sense of accomplishment (Boeree, 2006). This is how the term of â€Å"social cognitive theory† correlates directly with the social learning theory. These types of reinforcements emphasize the internal thoughts and cognitions to help cooperate with theories of cognitive development (Boeree, 2006). The last of the three basic principles is that learning does not necessarily lead to change in behavior (Boeree, 2006). This means that observational learning does not define all observed behaviors; not all behaviors must be and are acting on (Boeree, 2006). One can learn something through observation without demonstrating the new information attained. These three main principles paved the way for more of Bandura’s work in the SLT, and the introduction to specific modeling process. The modeling process consists of four primary steps which lead to the development of understanding social learning theory. The first step is known by the word of â€Å"Attention† (Learning, 2008). This concept states that in order for an individual to learn, they have to be paying attention. It is possible for distractions of course, but anything that distracts one is going to ultimately have a negative effect on the observational learning taking place (Learning, 2008). A few examples of distractions could include being sleepy, groggy, sick, nervous, drugged, or even â€Å"hyper† in a sense can affect the learning process. All of those feelings can be competing factors with one’s attention span. Likewise, for something that may be of interest to the subject, full attention could be put into place and more dedication to observing and absorbing new information could happen (Learning, 2008). The second step is known as â€Å"Retention† (Learning, 2008). Retention is known as the storing process of observational learning. The ability or lack of to store or remember information plays an important role in the learning process (Learning, 2008). Retention, just like attention, can be affected by many different factors as well. This is also where imagery and language come into play. One is able to store information in terms of verbal knowledge or imagery knowledge, depending on the subject and situation. Later, one is expected to â€Å"bring up† the previously observed information if retention was successful (Learning, 2008). No need to say that retaining information is a vital aspect to observational learning. Third on the list of steps for the social learning model is â€Å"Reproduction† (Learning, 2008). This is where the performance of information retained is put into place. Once one has actually gone thorough attention and retained the proper information necessary, it is expected that one can perform the behavior initially learned (Learning, 2008). Of course, there are limitations to the ability of being able to perform certain tasks. For example, one can watch an Olympic gold medalist do an entire gymnastic tumbling routine on the mat, but may not have the ability to flex their body that particular way and be able to perform some of the stunts observed. This is why there is a leniency for the ability to perform tasks for the purpose that further practice may be needed (Learning, 2008). With a combination of practice of the learned behavior and continuous observation of the behavior, the performance level may have improvement and further skill advancement. The final of the four proper steps is â€Å"Motivation† (Learning, 2008). In order for most observational learning to be successful to any state, motivation is crucial to imitate the modeled behavior (Learning, 2008). There are several factors that Bandura stated to be a vital part in the motivational factor of the observed behavior performance. Reinforcement and punishment are key concepts in motivation levels (Learning, 2008). Past reinforcement, such as a reward after a proper outtake of the behavior, can motivate one to imitate the new observed behavior. In contrast, past punishment can be the same type of motivator. One who was punished previously for not conducting the observed behavior properly will make one want to conduct the new behavior successfully because they are aware of the consequences if not done properly (Learning, 2008). Also, promised reinforcements or punishments can do the same type of influence. A promised reinforcement, such as a treat, could make one strive to perform the task correctly. On the other hand, a promised punishment, such as a threat, can give the same affect (Learning, 2008).

Necessity Of Vaccines - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1787 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Vaccines Essay Did you like this example? Being a parent is never an easy job. It is not unusual for a parent to question if they are making the right decision for their child or not. Today, many parents often struggle with the decision to vaccinate their child. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Necessity Of Vaccines" essay for you Create order Many parents are concerned with the rare side effects that come with vaccinations, which is why they may be hesitant to choose to vaccinate their child.   Anti-vaccination may be rational to parents who choose to put their child over the public good, but it is not a reasonable choice. Vaccinations are the key to keeping the United States population safe from outbreaks of infectious diseases. According to the American Association of Pediatrics, vaccinations are 90% to 99% effective in the ability to prevent diseases with properly distributed. Not only are the extremely effective, they also save approximately 2.5 million children from disease each year.   However, not everyone in the United States receives these recommended vaccinations. As a result of unvaccinated people, the population as a whole is at risk. To resolve this problem, a new law should be put into place that does not allow people to choose not to vaccinate their children. This new law is crucial to the people of the United States as it is the easiest, safest, and most cost-efficient way to put an end to easily preventable disease outbreaks The urgent need for this new policy adoption in the United States stems from outbreaks that often occur in schools, which may cause students to miss several days of educational instruction. For instance, an elementary school in Denver, Colorado recently experienced a chickenpox outbreak that stemmed from unvaccinated children who attended the school. The school allows its children to not receive the proper and recommended vaccines if the parents of the child chooses to do so. In the school, there was a report that two unvaccinated children in attendance were experiencing symptoms of chickenpox (Kovaleski). In response to this, the school and its health officials told the parents of the other fourteen unvaccinated children who also attended the school that it was recommended that their children did not attend school. This was done to protect the unvaccinated children from the disease in school, since the risk of getting the disease was much higher for them. The vaccinated children at school were able to continue going to class due to their parents giving them the proper vaccines needed. However, because the parents of the unvaccinated children chose to be against vaccines, mainly due to religious reasoning in this case, these unvaccinated children were not able to attend approximately twenty-one days of school the amount of days in which the chickenpox virus could be dormant. The chickenpox vaccine, varicella, is 99% e? ¬?ective at preventing the chickenpox infection in children (Kovaleski), which is information that these parents knew, but disregarded. However, if the vaccination requirement law is put into place, chickenpox outbreaks would be easily avoided because all the unvaccinated children would not be attending a school where they could put their fellow classmates in harms way. Due to the fact that unvaccinated children not only put themselves at risk, but other children as well, proves just how crucial this law adoption is for schools. With the new law requiring all children to receive vaccines, rather than outbreaks occurring in schools, there will be herd immunity. Herd immunity refers to when a large group of vaccinated people come into contact with an infectious person; however, due to the fact that the majority of the people in the group are protected from the disease, the infected person will have Adi cult time passing the disease along ( Loving). A perfect example of herd immunity occurred in Richardson, Texas. In January of 2016, an Legislature and signed by Governor Jerry Brown in June of 2015, which proves that although it will be difficult to make this new policy nationwide, it is possible (California State Vaccine Requirements). The California bill does not allow any sort of exemption to vaccinations. If a parent wants their child to go to school, that child must be vaccinated†the religion and beliefs of the parents will no longer provide any sort of exemption. If a parent still chooses to not vaccinate their children, their only options are to homeschool their children, or move to another state. This restriction of the first amendment is not only ethical, but necessary because deciding not to get vaccinated does not solely a? ¬?ect said individual, butthe population around the individual. The premise of the bill is to make it entirely illegal to send unvaccinated children to schools, which is exactly w hat the new law will do but nationwide. The benefits of vaccinations include potentially saving a childs life in a safe and e? ¬?ective manner so requiring all people who attend schools to be vaccinated is clearly beneficial to all. According to the article Immunize for Good by Colorado Childrens Immunization Coalition, a website that delves into the benefits and risks of vaccines, vaccines are beneficial because they not only protect the person vaccinated, but the people in the surrounding area, as well. Vaccines are also the most cost efficient way to prevent infectious diseases because it is significantly less expensive to prevent a disease in comparison to how much money it costs to treat an infected group of people (Health and Medicine Division). It is concluded that there is no evidence proving that the proper vaccine schedule recommended for children is dangerous, and vaccines are the most cost efficient way to prevent diseases, so it is in the publics best intentions to receive vaccines (Immunize for Good). Despite all evidence pointing to the safety and benefits of vaccines, there are two main reasons that people are against vaccinations: religion and the false rumors of vaccinations causing autism in children. One of the main reasons parents choose not to vaccinate their children is because they believe that vaccinations are against their religion. In the present day, there is religious exemption to vaccinations, which allows people to not get vaccines because they believe it is against their religion. However, religious exemption is something that will no longer be available according to the new policy. There is some controversy over whether religious exemption is justicable or not for the sake of vaccines. For instance, many of the religions that are stereotypically known to be against vaccines actually state morals that show they are for and support the use of vaccines. For example, it is commonly known that some Catholics do not believe in the safety in vaccines; however, the Cath olic Church actually states there would seem to be no proper grounds for refusing immunization against dangerous contagious diseases (Religion and Vaccinationsa Quick Review). This statement proves that the Catholic Church is not against vaccines, but it actually states that to not vaccinate would be immoral. Another example of a typically anti-vaccine religion is Hinduism. Those who practice Hinduism live their lives in a manner as to respect life, so, they ultimately believe in any technology, such as vaccines, that would help them live healthier lives. The four major divisions of Hinduism have not once mentioned a problem with vaccinations (Grabenstein). Judaism, another quite popular religion, also supports vaccines for similar reasons to Hinduism, they believe that anything that will help enhance life is something to be supported. Also, Judaism support and focuses on the community rather than just one person when it comes to the prevention of disease, which is quite similar to the purpose of vaccines to protect the community. Along with the religions mentioned, there are many   Hulk 8 more such as the Amish, and Islam (Grabenstein), who do in fact support vaccines mainly because the religions understand that vaccines help people live longer and healthier.The second reason that some people are against vaccines is the cause of the false rumor created by Andrew Wakefield. Wakefield claimed to have found scientific evidence that proved that vaccines led to autism in children. It was later concluded that Wakefield found no evidence, rather, he lied and created false information to make it seem as though autism stemmed from vaccines (Vaccines Dont Cause Autism). Although the scientific consensus is against Wakefields research on vaccines, and he had his medical license taken away, people still believe that vaccines can cause autism. These people are victims of the psychological term, conformation bias. The confirmation bias means that the people want so badly to believe that vaccines are not safe, that any mention of their negative side effects, even if these sid e effects are proven to be incorrect, still stick in their minds. (Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism). Fortunately, many studies prove that autism does not come from vaccines. For example, one study measured the number of antigens, which are ingredients in vaccines that make the peoples immune system create disease-fighting antibodies, from vaccines. Then, they looked at the results after the vaccines had been used, which proved that the total amount of antigen after receiving vaccines was the exact same for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and the children without the disorder (Study Linking Vaccine to Autism Is Called Fraud). Another claim is that the ingredient in earlier vaccines, thimerosal, a mercury-based preservative, causes autism. However, no current vaccines contain thimerosal†not because it causes autism, because it did not†but solely as a precaution (Study Linking Vaccine to Autism Is Called Fraud). Therefore, all rumors and incorrect information claiming vaccines give children autism have been refuted, meaning there is no reason to not vaccinate children in fear of autism. As for the drawbacks of the policy plan, realistically speaking it is going to be difficult to induce such a big change in the United States because the people know they have freedom of choice. However, they need to realize that they do have a choice with this new law: either get their children vaccinated or have their children be homeschooled. The religious exemptions and the belief in autism exemptions have both been proven to be incorrect, so the people of the United States need to understand and realize that the only truly safe decision to make is to vaccinate children. As a conclusion, vaccines are safe, cost-efficient, and the easiest way to avoid disease outbreak. This new law that requires all students who wish to attend school be vaccinated is not only realistic, but a necessity to all of America. The outbreaks of infectious diseases that occur in schools every single year will decrease significantly with the implementation of the new law. With the enforcement of a new polic y that requires all students to have vaccines, lives will be saved. In order to protect the people of the United States, vaccines are an absolute necessity.